Implement custom and built-in types

src/abstract_tree/assignment.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ pub struct Assignment {
     type_specification: Option<TypeSpecification>,
     operator: AssignmentOperator,
     statement: Statement,
-
     syntax_position: SourcePosition,
 }
 

src/abstract_tree/enum_defintion.rs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl EnumDefinition {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn instantiate(&self, variant: String, content: Value) -> EnumInstance {
+    pub fn instantiate(&self, variant: String, content: Option<Value>) -> EnumInstance {
         EnumInstance::new(self.identifier.inner().clone(), variant, content)
     }
 

src/abstract_tree/match.rs

@@ -89,9 +89,11 @@ impl AbstractTree for Match {
                 {
                     let statement_context = Context::with_variables_from(context)?;
 
-                    if let Some(identifier) = enum_pattern.inner_identifier() {
+                    if let (Some(identifier), Some(value)) =
+                        (enum_pattern.inner_identifier(), enum_instance.value())
+                    {
                         statement_context
-                            .set_value(identifier.inner().clone(), enum_instance.value().clone())?;
+                            .set_value(identifier.inner().clone(), value.as_ref().clone())?;
                     }
 
                     return statement.run(source, &statement_context);

src/abstract_tree/type.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::{
+    built_in_types::BuiltInType,
     error::{RuntimeError, SyntaxError, ValidationError},
     AbstractTree, Context, Format, Identifier, SyntaxNode, Value,
 };
@@ -13,6 +14,10 @@ pub enum Type {
     Boolean,
     Collection,
     Custom(Identifier),
+    CustomWithArgument {
+        name: Identifier,
+        argument: Box<Type>,
+    },
     Float,
     Function {
         parameter_types: Vec<Type>,
@@ -21,14 +26,17 @@ pub enum Type {
     Integer,
     List(Box<Type>),
     Map,
-    None,
     Number,
     String,
     Range,
-    Option(Box<Type>),
+    None,
 }
 
 impl Type {
+    pub fn option(inner_type: Option<Type>) -> Self {
+        BuiltInType::Option.get(inner_type).clone()
+    }
+
     pub fn list(item_type: Type) -> Self {
         Type::List(Box::new(item_type))
     }
@@ -40,10 +48,6 @@ impl Type {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn option(optional_type: Type) -> Self {
-        Type::Option(Box::new(optional_type))
-    }
-
     /// Returns a boolean indicating whether is type is accepting of the other.
     ///
     /// The types do not need to match exactly. For example, the Any variant matches all of the
@@ -70,17 +74,22 @@ impl Type {
             | (Type::Number, Type::Float)
             | (Type::Integer, Type::Number)
             | (Type::Float, Type::Number)
-            | (Type::None, Type::None)
             | (Type::String, Type::String) => true,
             (Type::Custom(left), Type::Custom(right)) => left == right,
-            (Type::Option(_), Type::None) => true,
+            (
-            (Type::Option(left), Type::Option(right)) => {
+                Type::CustomWithArgument {
-                if let Type::Any = left.as_ref() {
+                    name: left_name,
-                    true
+                    argument: left_argument,
-                } else if left == right {
+                },
-                    true
+                Type::CustomWithArgument {
-                } else {
+                    name: right_name,
+                    argument: right_argument,
+                },
+            ) => {
+                if left_name != right_name {
                     false
+                } else {
+                    left_argument == right_argument
                 }
             }
             (Type::List(self_item_type), Type::List(other_item_type)) => {
@@ -136,7 +145,21 @@ impl AbstractTree for Type {
         let type_node = node.child(0).unwrap();
 
         let r#type = match type_node.kind() {
-            "identifier" => Type::Custom(Identifier::from_syntax(type_node, _source, _context)?),
+            "identifier" => {
+                if node.child_count() == 1 {
+                    Type::Custom(Identifier::from_syntax(type_node, _source, _context)?)
+                } else {
+                    let name = Identifier::from_syntax(type_node, _source, _context)?;
+
+                    let argument_node = node.child(2).unwrap();
+                    let argument = Type::from_syntax(argument_node, _source, _context)?;
+
+                    Type::CustomWithArgument {
+                        name,
+                        argument: Box::new(argument),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
             "[" => {
                 let item_type_node = node.child(1).unwrap();
                 let item_type = Type::from_syntax(item_type_node, _source, _context)?;
@@ -165,7 +188,7 @@ impl AbstractTree for Type {
                 let return_type = if final_node.is_named() {
                     Type::from_syntax(final_node, _source, _context)?
                 } else {
-                    Type::None
+                    Type::option(None)
                 };
 
                 Type::Function {
@@ -178,16 +201,9 @@ impl AbstractTree for Type {
             "num" => Type::Number,
             "none" => Type::None,
             "str" => Type::String,
-            "option" => {
-                let inner_type_node = node.child(2).unwrap();
-                let inner_type = Type::from_syntax(inner_type_node, _source, _context)?;
-
-                Type::Option(Box::new(inner_type))
-            }
             _ => {
                 return Err(SyntaxError::UnexpectedSyntaxNode {
-                    expected: "any, bool, float, int, num, str, option, custom type, (, [ or {"
+                    expected: "any, bool, float, int, num, str, custom type, (, [ or {".to_string(),
-                        .to_string(),
                     actual: type_node.kind().to_string(),
                     location: type_node.start_position(),
                     relevant_source: _source[type_node.byte_range()].to_string(),
@@ -217,8 +233,11 @@ impl Format for Type {
             Type::Any => output.push_str("any"),
             Type::Boolean => output.push_str("bool"),
             Type::Collection => output.push_str("collection"),
-
             Type::Custom(_) => todo!(),
+            Type::CustomWithArgument {
+                name: _,
+                argument: _,
+            } => todo!(),
             Type::Float => output.push_str("float"),
             Type::Function {
                 parameter_types,
@@ -246,14 +265,9 @@ impl Format for Type {
             Type::Map => {
                 output.push_str("map");
             }
-            Type::None => output.push_str("none"),
+            Type::None => output.push_str("Option::None"),
             Type::Number => output.push_str("num"),
             Type::String => output.push_str("str"),
-            Type::Option(optional_type) => {
-                output.push_str("option(");
-                optional_type.format(output, indent_level);
-                output.push(')');
-            }
             Type::Range => todo!(),
         }
     }
@@ -266,6 +280,9 @@ impl Display for Type {
             Type::Boolean => write!(f, "bool"),
             Type::Collection => write!(f, "collection"),
             Type::Custom(identifier) => write!(f, "{identifier}"),
+            Type::CustomWithArgument { name, argument } => {
+                write!(f, "{name}<{argument}>")
+            }
             Type::Float => write!(f, "float"),
             Type::Function {
                 parameter_types,
@@ -290,9 +307,6 @@ impl Display for Type {
             Type::Number => write!(f, "num"),
             Type::None => write!(f, "none"),
             Type::String => write!(f, "str"),
-            Type::Option(inner_type) => {
-                write!(f, "option({})", inner_type)
-            }
             Type::Range => todo!(),
         }
     }

src/abstract_tree/value_node.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ pub enum ValueNode {
     Integer(String),
     String(String),
     List(Vec<Expression>),
-    Option(Option<Box<Expression>>),
     Map(MapNode),
     Range(RangeInclusive<i64>),
     Struct {
@@ -68,18 +67,6 @@ impl AbstractTree for ValueNode {
             "map" => {
                 ValueNode::Map(MapNode::from_syntax(child, source, context)?)
             }
-            "option" => {
-                let first_grandchild = child.child(0).unwrap();
-
-                if first_grandchild.kind() == "none" {
-                    ValueNode::Option(None)
-                } else {
-                    let expression_node = child.child(2).unwrap();
-                    let expression = Expression::from_syntax(expression_node, source, context)?;
-
-                    ValueNode::Option(Some(Box::new(expression)))
-                }
-            }
             "range" => {
                 let mut split = source[child.byte_range()].split("..");
                 let start = split.next().unwrap().parse().unwrap();
@@ -158,19 +145,21 @@ impl AbstractTree for ValueNode {
                     Type::List(Box::new(Type::Any))
                 }
             }
-            ValueNode::Option(option) => {
-                if let Some(expression) = option {
-                    Type::Option(Box::new(expression.expected_type(context)?))
-                } else {
-                    Type::None
-                }
-            }
             ValueNode::Map(_) => Type::Map,
             ValueNode::Struct { name, .. }  => {
                 Type::Custom(name.clone())
             }
             ValueNode::Range(_) => Type::Range,
-            ValueNode::Enum { name, .. } => Type::Custom(name.clone()),
+            ValueNode::Enum { name, variant: _, expression } => {
+                if let Some(expression) = expression {
+                    Type::CustomWithArgument {
+                        name: name.clone(),
+                        argument: Box::new(expression.expected_type(context)?)
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Type::Custom(name.clone())
+                }
+            },
         };
 
         Ok(r#type)
@@ -212,15 +201,6 @@ impl AbstractTree for ValueNode {
 
                 Value::List(List::with_items(values))
             }
-            ValueNode::Option(option) => {
-                let option_value = if let Some(expression) = option {
-                    Some(Box::new(expression.run(source, context)?))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                };
-
-                Value::Option(option_value)
-            }
             ValueNode::Map(map_node) => map_node.run(source, context)?,
             ValueNode::Range(range) => Value::Range(range.clone()),
             ValueNode::Struct { name, properties } => {
@@ -247,7 +227,7 @@ impl AbstractTree for ValueNode {
                 };
                 let instance = if let Some(definition) = context.get_definition(name.inner())? {
                     if let TypeDefinition::Enum(enum_defintion) = definition {
-                        enum_defintion.instantiate(variant.inner().clone(), value)
+                        enum_defintion.instantiate(variant.inner().clone(), Some(value))
                     } else {
                         return Err(RuntimeError::ValidationFailure(
                             ValidationError::ExpectedEnumDefintion {
@@ -290,15 +270,6 @@ impl Format for ValueNode {
 
                 output.push(']');
             }
-            ValueNode::Option(option) => {
-                if let Some(expression) = option {
-                    output.push_str("some(");
-                    expression.format(output, indent_level);
-                    output.push(')');
-                } else {
-                    output.push_str("none");
-                }
-            }
             ValueNode::Map(map_node) => map_node.format(output, indent_level),
             ValueNode::Struct { name, properties } => {
                 name.format(output, indent_level);
@@ -325,8 +296,6 @@ impl Ord for ValueNode {
             (ValueNode::String(_), _) => Ordering::Greater,
             (ValueNode::List(left), ValueNode::List(right)) => left.cmp(right),
             (ValueNode::List(_), _) => Ordering::Greater,
-            (ValueNode::Option(left), ValueNode::Option(right)) => left.cmp(right),
-            (ValueNode::Option(_), _) => Ordering::Greater,
             (ValueNode::Map(left), ValueNode::Map(right)) => left.cmp(right),
             (ValueNode::Map(_), _) => Ordering::Greater,
             (ValueNode::Struct{ name: left_name, properties: left_properties }, ValueNode::Struct {name: right_name, properties: right_properties} ) => {

src/built_in_functions/mod.rs

@@ -103,13 +103,13 @@ impl Callable for BuiltInFunction {
                     Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
                         "Result".to_string(),
                         "Ok".to_string(),
-                        Value::none(),
+                        Some(Value::none()),
                     ))
                 } else {
                     Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
                         "Result".to_string(),
                         "Error".to_string(),
-                        Value::none(),
+                        Some(Value::none()),
                     ))
                 };
 

src/built_in_functions/str.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use enum_iterator::Sequence;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::{error::RuntimeError, Context, List, Type, Value};
+use crate::{error::RuntimeError, Context, EnumInstance, List, Type, Value};
 
 use super::Callable;
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl Callable for StrFunction {
             }
             StrFunction::Find => Type::function(
                 vec![Type::String, Type::String],
-                Type::option(Type::Integer),
+                Type::option(Some(Type::Integer)),
             ),
             StrFunction::Insert => Type::function(
                 vec![Type::String, Type::Integer, Type::String],
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ impl Callable for StrFunction {
             StrFunction::Parse => Type::function(vec![Type::String], Type::Any),
             StrFunction::Remove => Type::function(
                 vec![Type::String, Type::Integer],
-                Type::option(Type::String),
+                Type::option(Some(Type::String)),
             ),
             StrFunction::ReplaceRange => Type::function(
                 vec![Type::String, Type::list(Type::Integer), Type::String],
@@ -175,9 +175,10 @@ impl Callable for StrFunction {
             StrFunction::StartsWith => {
                 Type::function(vec![Type::String, Type::String], Type::Boolean)
             }
-            StrFunction::StripPrefix => {
+            StrFunction::StripPrefix => Type::function(
-                Type::function(vec![Type::String, Type::String], Type::option(Type::String))
+                vec![Type::String, Type::String],
-            }
+                Type::option(Some(Type::String)),
+            ),
             StrFunction::ToLowercase => Type::function(vec![Type::String], Type::String),
             StrFunction::ToUppercase => Type::function(vec![Type::String], Type::String),
             StrFunction::Truncate => {
@@ -233,9 +234,21 @@ impl Callable for StrFunction {
                 let pattern = pattern_string.as_str();
                 let find = string
                     .find(pattern)
-                    .map(|index| Box::new(Value::Integer(index as i64)));
+                    .map(|index| Value::Integer(index as i64));
 
-                Value::Option(find)
+                if let Some(index) = find {
+                    Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
+                        "Option".to_string(),
+                        "Some".to_string(),
+                        Some(index),
+                    ))
+                } else {
+                    Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
+                        "Option".to_string(),
+                        "None".to_string(),
+                        Some(Value::none()),
+                    ))
+                }
             }
             StrFunction::IsAscii => {
                 RuntimeError::expect_argument_amount(self.name(), 1, arguments.len())?;
@@ -292,9 +305,9 @@ impl Callable for StrFunction {
                 let string = arguments.first().unwrap().as_string()?;
 
                 if let Ok(integer) = string.parse::<i64>() {
-                    Value::option(Some(Value::Integer(integer)))
+                    Value::Integer(integer)
                 } else if let Ok(float) = string.parse::<f64>() {
-                    Value::option(Some(Value::Float(float)))
+                    Value::Float(float)
                 } else {
                     Value::none()
                 }
@@ -413,7 +426,11 @@ impl Callable for StrFunction {
                     ]))
                 });
 
-                Value::option(sections)
+                if let Some(sections) = sections {
+                    Value::some(sections)
+                } else {
+                    Value::none()
+                }
             }
             StrFunction::SplitTerminator => {
                 RuntimeError::expect_argument_amount(self.name(), 2, arguments.len())?;
@@ -458,7 +475,15 @@ impl Callable for StrFunction {
                     .strip_prefix(prefix)
                     .map(|remainder| Value::string(remainder.to_string()));
 
-                Value::option(stripped)
+                if let Some(value) = stripped {
+                    Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
+                        "Option".to_string(),
+                        "Some".to_string(),
+                        Some(value),
+                    ))
+                } else {
+                    Value::none()
+                }
             }
             StrFunction::ToLowercase => {
                 RuntimeError::expect_argument_amount(self.name(), 1, arguments.len())?;

src/built_in_types.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
+
+use enum_iterator::Sequence;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::{Identifier, Type};
+
+static OPTION: OnceLock<Type> = OnceLock::new();
+
+#[derive(Sequence, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum BuiltInType {
+    Option,
+}
+
+impl BuiltInType {
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            BuiltInType::Option => todo!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, inner_type: Option<Type>) -> &Type {
+        match self {
+            BuiltInType::Option => OPTION.get_or_init(|| {
+                if let Some(inner_type) = inner_type {
+                    Type::CustomWithArgument {
+                        name: Identifier::new("Option"),
+                        argument: Box::new(inner_type),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Type::Custom(Identifier::new("Option"))
+                }
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+}

src/built_in_values.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use crate::{
     built_in_functions::{fs::fs_functions, json::json_functions, str::string_functions, Callable},
     error::{RuntimeError, SyntaxError, ValidationError},
-    AbstractTree, BuiltInFunction, Context, Format, Function, List, Map, SyntaxNode, Type, Value,
+    AbstractTree, BuiltInFunction, Context, EnumInstance, Format, Function, Identifier, List, Map,
+    SyntaxNode, Type, Value,
 };
 
 static ARGS: OnceLock<Value> = OnceLock::new();
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ static FS: OnceLock<Value> = OnceLock::new();
 static JSON: OnceLock<Value> = OnceLock::new();
 static RANDOM: OnceLock<Value> = OnceLock::new();
 static STRING: OnceLock<Value> = OnceLock::new();
+static NONE: OnceLock<Value> = OnceLock::new();
 
 /// Returns the entire built-in value API.
 pub fn all_built_in_values() -> impl Iterator<Item = BuiltInValue> {
@@ -38,6 +40,9 @@ pub enum BuiltInValue {
     /// Get the length of a collection.
     Length,
 
+    /// The absence of a value.
+    None,
+
     /// Print a value to stdout.
     Output,
 
@@ -57,6 +62,7 @@ impl BuiltInValue {
             BuiltInValue::Fs => "fs",
             BuiltInValue::Json => "json",
             BuiltInValue::Length => BuiltInFunction::Length.name(),
+            BuiltInValue::None => "None",
             BuiltInValue::Output => "output",
             BuiltInValue::Random => "random",
             BuiltInValue::Str => "str",
@@ -73,6 +79,7 @@ impl BuiltInValue {
             BuiltInValue::Fs => "File and directory tools.",
             BuiltInValue::Json => "JSON formatting tools.",
             BuiltInValue::Length => BuiltInFunction::Length.description(),
+            BuiltInValue::None => "The absence of a value.",
             BuiltInValue::Output => "output",
             BuiltInValue::Random => "random",
             BuiltInValue::Str => "string",
@@ -89,6 +96,7 @@ impl BuiltInValue {
             BuiltInValue::Fs => Type::Map,
             BuiltInValue::Json => Type::Map,
             BuiltInValue::Length => BuiltInFunction::Length.r#type(),
+            BuiltInValue::None => Type::Custom(Identifier::new("Option")),
             BuiltInValue::Output => BuiltInFunction::Output.r#type(),
             BuiltInValue::Random => Type::Map,
             BuiltInValue::Str => Type::Map,
@@ -134,6 +142,13 @@ impl BuiltInValue {
                 Value::Map(Map::with_values(json_context))
             }),
             BuiltInValue::Length => &Value::Function(Function::BuiltIn(BuiltInFunction::Length)),
+            BuiltInValue::None => NONE.get_or_init(|| {
+                Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
+                    "Option".to_string(),
+                    "None".to_string(),
+                    None,
+                ))
+            }),
             BuiltInValue::Output => &Value::Function(Function::BuiltIn(BuiltInFunction::Output)),
             BuiltInValue::Random => RANDOM.get_or_init(|| {
                 let mut random_context = BTreeMap::new();

src/lib.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ pub use tree_sitter::Node as SyntaxNode;
 pub mod abstract_tree;
 pub mod built_in_functions;
 pub mod built_in_type_definitions;
+pub mod built_in_types;
 pub mod built_in_values;
 pub mod context;
 pub mod error;

src/value/enum_instance.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
 use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
 
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
 use crate::Value;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct EnumInstance {
     name: String,
     variant_name: String,
-    value: Box<Value>,
+    value: Option<Box<Value>>,
 }
 
 impl EnumInstance {
-    pub fn new(name: String, variant_name: String, value: Value) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(name: String, variant_name: String, value: Option<Value>) -> Self {
         Self {
             name,
             variant_name,
-            value: Box::new(value),
+            value: value.map(|value| Box::new(value)),
         }
     }
 
@@ -26,13 +28,13 @@ impl EnumInstance {
         &self.variant_name
     }
 
-    pub fn value(&self) -> &Value {
+    pub fn value(&self) -> &Option<Box<Value>> {
         &self.value
     }
 }
 
 impl Display for EnumInstance {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}::{}({})", self.name, self.variant_name, self.value)
+        write!(f, "{}::{}({:?})", self.name, self.variant_name, self.value)
     }
 }

src/value/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 //! Types that represent runtime values.
-use crate::{error::RuntimeError, Identifier, Type, TypeSpecification};
+use crate::{
+    built_in_values::BuiltInValue, error::RuntimeError, Identifier, Type, TypeSpecification,
+};
 
 use serde::{
     de::{MapAccess, SeqAccess, Visitor},
@@ -42,18 +44,23 @@ pub enum Value {
     Integer(i64),
     Boolean(bool),
     Range(RangeInclusive<i64>),
-    Option(Option<Box<Value>>),
     Struct(StructInstance),
     Enum(EnumInstance),
 }
 
-impl Default for Value {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Value::none()
-    }
-}
-
 impl Value {
+    pub fn none() -> Self {
+        BuiltInValue::None.get().clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn some(value: Value) -> Value {
+        Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
+            "Option".to_string(),
+            "Some".to_string(),
+            Some(value),
+        ))
+    }
+
     pub fn string<T: Into<String>>(string: T) -> Self {
         Value::String(string.into())
     }
@@ -102,31 +109,12 @@ impl Value {
             Value::Float(_) => Type::Float,
             Value::Integer(_) => Type::Integer,
             Value::Boolean(_) => Type::Boolean,
-            Value::Option(option) => {
-                if let Some(value) = option {
-                    Type::Option(Box::new(value.r#type()))
-                } else {
-                    Type::None
-                }
-            }
             Value::Range(_) => todo!(),
             Value::Struct(_) => todo!(),
             Value::Enum(_) => todo!(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn none() -> Self {
-        Value::Option(None)
-    }
-
-    pub fn some(value: Value) -> Self {
-        Value::Option(Some(Box::new(value)))
-    }
-
-    pub fn option(option: Option<Value>) -> Self {
-        Value::Option(option.map(Box::new))
-    }
-
     pub fn is_string(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Value::String(_))
     }
@@ -151,14 +139,6 @@ impl Value {
         matches!(self, Value::List(_))
     }
 
-    pub fn is_option(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Value::Option(_))
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Value::Option(None))
-    }
-
     pub fn is_map(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Value::Map(_))
     }
@@ -167,6 +147,10 @@ impl Value {
         matches!(self, Value::Function(_))
     }
 
+    pub fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
+        self == &Value::none()
+    }
+
     /// Borrows the value stored in `self` as `&String`, or returns `Err` if `self` is not a `Value::String`.
     pub fn as_string(&self) -> Result<&String, RuntimeError> {
         match self {
@@ -259,39 +243,17 @@ impl Value {
             }),
         }
     }
+}
 
-    /// Returns `Option`, or returns `Err` if `self` is not a `Value::Option`.
+impl Default for Value {
-    pub fn as_option(&self) -> Result<&Option<Box<Value>>, RuntimeError> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
-        match self {
+        Value::none()
-            Value::Option(option) => Ok(option),
-            value => Err(RuntimeError::ExpectedOption {
-                actual: value.clone(),
-            }),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns `()`, or returns `Err` if `self` is not a `Value::none()`.
-    pub fn as_none(&self) -> Result<(), RuntimeError> {
-        match self {
-            Value::Option(option) => {
-                if option.is_none() {
-                    Ok(())
-                } else {
-                    Err(RuntimeError::ExpectedNone {
-                        actual: self.clone(),
-                    })
-                }
-            }
-            value => Err(RuntimeError::ExpectedNone {
-                actual: value.clone(),
-            }),
-        }
     }
 }
 
 impl Default for &Value {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        &Value::Option(None)
+        BuiltInValue::None.get()
     }
 }
 
@@ -445,7 +407,6 @@ impl PartialEq for Value {
             (Value::List(left), Value::List(right)) => left == right,
             (Value::Map(left), Value::Map(right)) => left == right,
             (Value::Function(left), Value::Function(right)) => left == right,
-            (Value::Option(left), Value::Option(right)) => left == right,
             (Value::Range(left), Value::Range(right)) => left == right,
             (Value::Struct(left), Value::Struct(right)) => left == right,
             (Value::Enum(left), Value::Enum(right)) => left == right,
@@ -495,9 +456,7 @@ impl Ord for Value {
 
                 left_len.cmp(&right_len)
             }
-            (Value::Range(_), _) => Ordering::Greater,
+            (Value::Range(_), _) => Ordering::Less,
-            (Value::Option(left), Value::Option(right)) => left.cmp(right),
-            (Value::Option(_), _) => Ordering::Less,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -522,7 +481,6 @@ impl Serialize for Value {
 
                 list.end()
             }
-            Value::Option(inner) => inner.serialize(serializer),
             Value::Map(map) => {
                 let entries = map.inner();
                 let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(entries.len()))?;
@@ -548,13 +506,6 @@ impl Display for Value {
             Value::Float(float) => write!(f, "{float}"),
             Value::Integer(int) => write!(f, "{int}"),
             Value::Boolean(boolean) => write!(f, "{boolean}"),
-            Value::Option(option) => {
-                if let Some(value) = option {
-                    write!(f, "some({})", value)
-                } else {
-                    write!(f, "none")
-                }
-            }
             Value::List(list) => write!(f, "{list}"),
             Value::Map(map) => write!(f, "{map}"),
             Value::Function(function) => write!(f, "{function}"),
@@ -839,9 +790,7 @@ impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for ValueVisitor {
     where
         D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
     {
-        Ok(Value::Option(Some(Box::new(Value::deserialize(
+        Ok(Value::Enum(EnumInstance::deserialize(deserializer)?))
-            deserializer,
-        )?))))
     }
 
     fn visit_unit<E>(self) -> std::result::Result<Self::Value, E>

tests/built_in_string_functions.rs

@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ fn ends_with() {
 fn find() {
     let result = interpret("str:find('abc', 'a')");
 
-    assert_eq!(result, Ok(Value::Option(Some(Box::new(Value::Integer(0))))));
+    assert_eq!(result, Ok(Value::some(Value::Integer(0))));
 
     let result = interpret("str:find('foobar', 'b')");
 
-    assert_eq!(result, Ok(Value::Option(Some(Box::new(Value::Integer(3))))));
+    assert_eq!(result, Ok(Value::some(Value::Integer(3))));
 }
 
 #[test]

tests/built_in_type_definitions.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn option() {
         Ok(Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
             "Option".to_string(),
             "None".to_string(),
-            Value::none()
+            Some(Value::none()),
         )))
     );
     assert_eq!(
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn option() {
         Ok(Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
             "Option".to_string(),
             "Some".to_string(),
-            Value::Integer(1),
+            Some(Value::Integer(1)),
         )))
     );
 }
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn result() {
         Ok(Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
             "Result".to_string(),
             "Ok".to_string(),
-            Value::Integer(1)
+            Some(Value::Integer(1)),
         )))
     );
     assert_eq!(
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn result() {
         Ok(Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
             "Result".to_string(),
             "Error".to_string(),
-            Value::String("uh-oh!".to_string())
+            Some(Value::String("uh-oh!".to_string())),
         )))
     );
 }

tests/built_in_values.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn assert_equal() {
         Ok(Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
             "Result".to_string(),
             "Ok".to_string(),
-            Value::none()
+            Some(Value::none()),
         )))
     );
     assert_eq!(
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn assert_equal() {
         Ok(Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
             "Result".to_string(),
             "Error".to_string(),
-            Value::none()
+            Some(Value::none()),
         )))
     );
 }

tests/enums.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn simple_enum() {
         Ok(Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
             "Foobar".to_string(),
             "Foo".to_string(),
-            Value::none()
+            Some(Value::none())
         )))
     );
 }
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ fn nested_enum() {
         Ok(Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
             "Foobar".to_string(),
             "Bar".to_string(),
-            Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
+            Some(Value::Enum(EnumInstance::new(
                 "Fizzbuzz".to_string(),
                 "Fizz".to_string(),
-                Value::none()
+                Some(Value::none())
-            ))
+            )))
         )))
     );
 }

tests/functions.rs

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn callback() {
 
 #[test]
 fn built_in_function_call() {
-    assert_eq!(interpret("output('Hiya')"), Ok(Value::Option(None)));
+    assert_eq!(interpret("output('Hiya')"), Ok(Value::none()));
 }
 
 #[test]

tests/value.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ use dust_lang::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn empty() {
-    assert_eq!(interpret("x = 9"), Ok(Value::Option(None)));
+    assert_eq!(interpret("x = 9"), Ok(Value::none()));
-    assert_eq!(interpret("x = 1 + 1"), Ok(Value::Option(None)));
+    assert_eq!(interpret("x = 1 + 1"), Ok(Value::none()));
 }
 
 #[test]

tests/while.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use dust_lang::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn while_loop() {
-    assert_eq!(interpret("while false { 'foo' }"), Ok(Value::Option(None)))
+    assert_eq!(interpret("while false { 'foo' }"), Ok(Value::none()))
 }
 
 #[test]

tree-sitter-dust/grammar.js

@@ -380,12 +380,6 @@ module.exports = grammar({
             ')',
             optional(seq('->', $.type)),
           ),
-          seq(
-            'option',
-            '(',
-            $.type,
-            ')',
-          ),
         ),
       ),